THE BENGALI REFUGEES : A Surfeit of Woe
A cyclone that killed as many as 500,000 people. A civil war that claimed perhaps 200,000 more. An exodus that al¬ready totals 5,000,000 and is still growing. A cholera epide¬mic that has barely begun, yet has taken already some 5,000 lives. It is an almost biblical catalogue of woe, rivalling if not surpassing the plagues that visited upon the Egyptians of Mosaic days. As yet it is virtually certain that the list will grow even longer for the bedevilled people of East Pakistan. Last week, as fresh waves of refugees poured across the Indian border at the rate of 100,000 a day, they brought tales of a pogrom against Hindus by the predominantly Moslem Pakistan. And over the stinking, teeming refugee camps that scar the border areas of five Indian states hovered the grow¬ing threat of famine and pestilence.
The first onrush of refugees followed the outburst of civil war in March, when West Pakistan decided to crush East Pakistanis drive for Bangla Desh (an independent Bengali State). Immediately after fighting broke out between the fierce Pathans and Punjabis of the Pakistani army and the Bengali liberation forces, 1,500,000 terrified East Pakistanis— Moslems and Hindus alike—crossed into the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya and Bihar. Now the escapees are mostly Hindus, and they bring tales of tor¬ture, rape and massacre. According to the new arrivals, the Pakistani Government is blaming the 10 million Hindus of East Pakistan (pop. 78 million) for being the principal sup¬porters of the now outlawed Awami League of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The Hindus did, in fact, overwhelmingly support “MUJIB”, who at last word was under house arrest in Karachi, the principal city of West Pakistan. But so did the Moslems,, for the Awami League won 167 out of 169 seats at stake in East Pakistan during last December elections. But the Hindus, because they are minority, are an easier target.
Battered To Death
A Hindu building contractor told of how Pakistani troops at a tea estate asked people whom they voted for in the elec¬tion. They shot 200 who admitted voting for the Awami League. In a hospital In Agartala, Indian doctors reported Hint number of the refugees came in badly burnt. The doctor explained that the refugees wore shoved into huts by Pak. Armymen, who then set the huts on fire. The hospital has also treated 370 men, women and children for bullet women 17 of whom died.
In the refugee camp at Petrapole on the West Bengal— East Pakistan border a 1(5 year old girl recalled how she and fun pamila were In bed, “when we heard the tread of feet out¬side. The door burst open and several soldiers entered. They pointed their bayonets at the three of us and before my eyes killed my mother and father—battering to death with the buttes of their rifles. They flung me on the floor and the three of them raped me.” Another teenage girl in a Tripura camp old how she was raped by thirteen West Pakistani sol¬diers before escaping. Other girls have reportedly taken from feeling families to be sold as prostitutes to the soldiers particularly If their fathers could not pay a ransom for them.
According to an official who has toured the border, Pakistan troops and their anti Hindu supporters are demanding $ 140 a person before slotting family members leave East Pakistan. Inking only $ 25 of the ransom for his wife one man pleaded"bent me for the rest.” They let his wife go after he was Bean on the temple with a bamboo stick until he lost an eye.
Those who escaped could be models for Goya’s ‘Disaster of War' The lucky ones get into already over-filled tent camps that reek of caustic soda disinfectant, and human excretion and are ankle deep in filthy water from the first monsoons. Most huddles under trees or bushes trying to avoid the heavy rains. Some find cramped quarters on the verandas of now closed school houses. Others near Calcutta have found large open drainages to live in. Around them is always the stench of garbage, polluted water, sickness and death.
Token Cremation
The polluted drinking water, the lack of sanitation and (he officials’ inability to Inoculate the millions of refugees have contributed to the spread of cholera particularly 'in West Bengal. A bacterial disease, common to India and Pakistan, cholera causes severe vomiting and diarrhea, which bring dehydration and death. Those afflicted can usually be saved by replenishing the body fluids by intravenous injections or drinking large doses of a solution of salts, baking soda and glucose. But the flood of refugees is just too great to be handled by beleaguered, medical teams.
The roads the refugees travel are not only littered with clothes and discarded household goods but with bodies of cholera victims left by those too frightened of the disease to bury their own dead. Although Hindus practice cremation, many of the bodies were merely singed with two turning sticks and then left for the hovering vultures or wild logs to pick apart. Even when the corpses are buried they are often dug up by carrion eaters. Police have their hands full trying to prevent refugees from tossing corpses into the rivers. In the overcrowded hospitals the sick and dying are jammed together on the floor, and the dead continue to lie among the living for hours before the overworked, hospital stalls can cart the bodies off.
At one of West Bengal’s overflowing health centers a 45 year old rice farmer watched his infant son continue to suckle after his mother had died of cholera. “My wife is dead” the man said numbly. “Three of my children ate dead. What else can happen ?” With the refugees spreading through the Indian states, carrying the disease with them, the epide¬mic could rapidly afflict hundreds of thousands of Indians. For this reason Indian authorities are trying to prevent the East Pakistanis from entering Calcutta, where uncounted mil¬lions already live on the streets in squalid condition that gua¬rantee an annual cholera epidemic there.
Unbalanced Exchange
While India has temporarily accepted the ifugees and is doing its best to help them, the Government of Indira Gandhi sees only economic and political disaster in the mas¬sive influx of impoverished people. The refugee problem has chronically troubled India since the August1947 partition of the sub-continent into India and Pakistan. In Northern India there was fairly balanced exchange, with 6,000,000 Moslems fleeing to Pakistan and 6,500,000 Hindus and Sikhs entering India. But since partition, 4,300,000 Hindus from East Pakis¬tan have fled to India, for the most part into West Bengal. There haa been no comparable flight of Moslems. This Imbalance haa created the social, political and economic problems that have plagued the state of West Bengal and turned its capitals, Calcutta, Into n sync-hole of human misery.
The coast of feeding and attempting to house the refugees is currently $ 1,330,000 a day an expense that Mrs. Gandhi's government can ill afford if It is going to fulfil the campaign promise of 'Garibaldi hatao’ (eradicate poverty) made last March. The food required by the refugees is rapidly depleting existing food stockpiles and threatens to create a famine for the Indian themselves. The refugees are also Inking work away from the Indians ; in West Bengal the re¬fugee peasants are hiring out as agricultural laborer for a quarter of the wages local laborer is paid.
No Room
Faced with these problems, the Indian govern¬ment calls the refugees “evacuees” or “escapees” and hopes for their return to their homeland. “Being poor country our¬selves” Mrs. Gandhi told refugees at a camp in eastern India, “we cannot afford to keep you here forever, even if we wish¬ed to do so.” Their return to their homeland is not likely in the foreseeable future, with the pogroms under way in East Pakistan and the probability of a protracted guerrilla war there. Moreover, because of the war and the exodus, the planting of crops in East Pakistan was at a disastrous low level before the rains began. Famine is almost certain to strike, and when it does, millions more will pack their be¬longings and seek refuge in a country that has no room for them.
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